小一 英文grammar (Plurals 眾數）

Rules of Plurals

1.     For most nouns, just add S

2.     For nouns ending in s, ss, x, ch, sh add ES

e.g. box -> boxes,   wish -> wishes    boss -> bosses   buzz -> buzzes   pitch -> pitches

3.     For some words ending with consonant+o, add ES

e.g. potato -> potatoes       tomato -> tomatoes    hero -> heroes

4.     For some words ending in o, add S (mostly newly created words and words with Spanish or Italian origin)

e.g. disco -> discos         logo -> logos    piano -> pianos

5.     For nouns ending with vowel + o, just add s

e.g.  studio -> studios     portfolio -> portfolios

6.     For some words ending in f or fe, change f to ves

e.g.  half -> halves     leaf -> leaves    self -> selves    wolf -> wolves 

7.     For words ending in single z, add zes

e.g.  quiz -> quizzes

8.     For some words ending in f, just add s

e.g.  chef -> chefs     cliff -> cliffs    roof -> roofs

9.     For some nouns ending in ife, change to ives

e.g. wife -> wives     life -> lives    knife -> knives

10. For common nouns end with consonant + y, change y to I and add es

e.g. poppy -> poppies    fly -> flies    party -> parties   lady -> ladies

11. For common nouns end with vowel + y, just add s (ay, ey, oy, uy)

e.g. boy -> boys     buy -> buys    day -> days   valley -> valleys

12. Some irregular common nouns are same in both singular and plural form

e.g. fish -> fish      sheep -> sheep    deer -> deer

13. Some nouns, change other letters

e.g. man -> men    tooth -> teeth    foot -> feet    woman -> women

14. Some nouns, change to another words

e.g. child -> children      mouse -> mice       ox -> oxen

15. Some nouns are always singular, no plural form

e.g. gold, silver, sugar, copper, cotton, news

16. Some nouns (associated with two things) exist only in plural form and take a plural verb

 e.g. scissors, trousers, pyjamas, shoes