小一 英文grammar (verb+ing)

Spelling rules – ING

1.     If the verb ends in an ‘E’, remove the E and add ING

e.g. have -> having,    live -> living

2.     If the verb ends in a consonant + vowel+ consonant, double the final consonant and add ING

e.g stop -> stopping    sit -> sitting    get -> getting   swim-> swimming

3.     If a two-syllable verb ends in a consonant + vowel + consonant, we do not double the final consonant

e.g. happen -> happening       enter -> entering   offer -> offering    suffer -> suffering

4.     Do not double the final consonant when the verb ends in W,X or Y or when the final syllable is not emphasized

e.g. fix -> fixing      snow -> snowing     enjoy -> enjoying

5.     If the verb ends in IE we change it to YING

e.g. lie -> lying     die -> dying    tie -> tying

6.     If the verb ends in consonant + vowel + L, we double the final L and add ING

e.g. travel -> travelling         marvel -> marvelling

7.     If the verb ends in a stressed vowel + R, we double the final R and add ING

e.g. refer -> referring      defer -> deferring

8.     If the verb ends in an unstressed vowel + R, we do not double the final R and add ING

e.g. offer -> offering      suffer -> suffering            whisper -> whispering